Anxiety
Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by
cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components.
These components combine to create an unpleasant feeling that is
typically associated with uneasiness, apprehension, or worry occurring
without an identifiable triggering stimulus. As such, it is
distinguished from fear, which occurs in the presence of an external
threat. Additionally, fear is related to the specific behaviors of
escape and avoidance, whereas anxiety results in either a handicapping
sense of dread or irrational bizarre behaviors often referred to as
OCD's.
Symptoms
Anxiety can be accompanied by physical effects such as heart palpitations,
nausea, chest pain, shortness of breath, stomach aches, or headaches.
Physically, the body prepares the organism to deal with a threat. Blood pressure
and heart rate are increased, sweating is increased, bloodflow to the major
muscle groups is increased, and immune and digestive system functions are
inhibited (the fight or flight response). External signs of anxiety may
include pale skin, sweating, trembling, and pupillary dilation. Someone
suffering from anxiety might also experience it as a sense of dread or panic.
Although panic attacks are not experienced by every
anxiety sufferer, they are a common symptom. Panic attacks usually come
without warning, and although the fear is generally irrational, the
perception of danger is very real. A person experiencing a panic attack
will often feel as if he or she is about to die or pass out. Panic
attacks may be confused with heart attack.
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References
- ^ Seligman,
M.E.P., Walker, E.F. & Rosenhan, D.L. (2001). Abnormal psychology,
(4th ed.) New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- ^ Ohman, A. (2000). Fear
and anxiety: Evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. In M.
Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.). Handbook of emotions.
(pp.573-593). New York: The Guilford Press.
- ^ National Institute of
Mental Health Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^
Rosen JB, Schulkin J (1998). "From normal fear to pathological anxiety".
Psychol Rev 105
(2): 325?0. PMID 9577241.
- ^ Zald, D.H.;
Pardo, J.V. (1997). "Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala:
amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation". Proc
Nat'l Acad Sci (USA) 94 (8): 4119?4. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.4119.
PMID 9108115.
- ^
Zald, D.H.; Hagen, M.C. & the anxiety cure Pardo, J.V. (2002). "Neural
correlates of tasting concentrated quinine and sugar solutions". J.
Neurophysiol 87 (2): 1068?5. PMID 11826070.
http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/87/2/1068.
- ^ Tillich, Paul,
(1952). The Courage To Be, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN
0-300-08471-4
- ^ Schwarzer, R. (December
1997). "Anxiety". Retrieved on 2008-01-12.